High pressure decorative laminates containing an air-laid web and method of producing same

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to high pressure decorative laminates containing an air-laid web as a substrate and to a method of preparing such a decorative laminate from an assembly comprising said substrate and a thermosetting resin impregnated decor sheet.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The production of substrates comprising cellulosic fibers and athermosetting resin composition useful in supporting decorative layersin the formation of high pressure decorative thermoset plasticslaminates is well known. Conventionally, said substrates comprise aplurality, i.e. about 2-10, of paper core sheets impregnated with aliquid thermo-setting resin composition, said core sheets being preparedby treating a web of paper, prepared by a wet-laying process, with asolution or dispersion of a thermosetting resin composition in avolatile solvent, drying said treated web to reduce the volatile mattercontent to a desired level and cutting said treated, dried paper webinto sheets of the required dimensions.

In order to provide satisfactory handling and usage properties in saidlaminates, they are conventionally produced in thicknesses of from about0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm, this thickness range being achieved primarily bysuperimposing a plurality of said paper core sheets. Whilst it wouldclearly be advantageous to use a single core sheet to provide thesubstrate for the laminate, there are problems of manufacture andprocessing associated with the production and resin-impregnation of wetlaid paper sheets having a basis weight significantly greater than about256 gsm (grammes per square meter) and a thickness of about 0.27 mm.

Further, it is desirable for environmental and energy conservationreasons, to obviate the drying stage necessary with conventionallyproduced resin composition treated paper substrates. Attempts have beenmade in the past to avoid this drying step by providing a wet-laid papercontaining a thermo-setting resin composition in solid particulate formas a sheet of the laminate substrate and formed during the paper makingprocess from an aqueous slurry comprising the paper fibers and theparticulate resin.

However, this process has not found wide commercial acceptance becauseof problems arising from the propensity of the liquid phase to conveythe resin particles through the forming wire.

Wet-laid papers, while generally producing high pressure decorativelaminates of excellent properties, are known to have a propensity tostress-crack under conditions of low relative humidity. Therefore,conventional high pressure decorative laminates, after a period of timewell within their expected life-times, may undergo a markeddeterioration in their aesthetic appearance and utility. For thisreason, conventional high pressure decorative laminates have not foundsuccessful commercial utility in many areas where low relative humidityis a prevalent condition especially where the laminates are firstsubjected to modification such as by notching, cutting or othertreatment whereby sharp corners are cut into their cross section.

Wet-laid papers also exhibit a variation in at least some of theirphysical properties depending upon whether the properties are measuredin the direction of travel of the machine wire upon which the paper wasformed, or transversely of it. This variation in properties is due tothe non-random orientation of the fibers in the paper due to thealignment of fiber caused by the flow of the liquid phase onto andthrough the wire and by surface tension effects. Laminates produced fromsubstrates comprising said wet-laid papers also exhibit this directiondependent variation in at least some of their physical properties andalthough this is not generally disadvantageous, there are someapplications where a laminate exhibiting less variation in physicalproperties according to the direction of measurement is preferred.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been found that high pressure decorative laminate produced from athermosetting resin containing fibrous cellulosic substrate wherein thedisadvantages of such a laminate made by conventional processes areovercome or diminished may be produced by using, as the substrate, anair-laid web comprising both cellulosic fibers and a thermosettingresin.

The novel high pressure decorative laminates of the present inventionexhibit a toughness superior to laminates produced conventionally whichcontain, as their core, a plurality of thermosetting resin impregnatedKraft paper sheets. This toughness is evidenced by the laminates'increased resistance to stress-cracking.

Additionally, the instant high pressure decorative laminates alsoexhibit substantially equivalent uniform strength and dimensionalproperties regardless of the machine direction from which themeasurement is taken.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The manufacture of air-laid fibrous webs is well-known, and fibrouscellulosic webs useful for producing such diverse products as disposablewipes, diapers, insulation draperies, bed sheets, box-board and the likeare commercially produced.

Commonly, air-laid fibrous webs are prepared by disintegrating fibrous,cellulosic material into its component fibers, transporting the fibersto a foraminous moving web-forming surface and depositing the fibersthereon to form a layer with the aid of suction applied to the underside of the surface. Usually the fibrous, cellulosic material isdisintegrated into its component fibers by a machine such as ahammermill or disc refiner and the fibers are transported to the formingsurface in an air-stream. Binder material is commonly applied to oradmixed with the fibers as a particulate solid or as a liquid spray andthe web deposited therefrom is then consolidated between nip rollers.When the binder is added as a solid to the air-fiber stream, it may beintroduced into the hammermill or thereafter, but before deposition onthe forming surface. Additionally, when the binder is used as a spray,the sprayed fibers may thereafter be dried and introduced as such intothe forming apparatus.

A known apparatus for forming substrates by air-laying cellulosic fiberscomprises: (i) an air-swept hammermill wherein cellulosic material isdefibrated into its component fibers in an air-stream, (ii) ductingwhereby the fiber containing air-stream is conveyed to a distributor,(iii) a distributor such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,581,706,comprising a housing having a perforated planar bottom wall and sidewalls, one or more impellers mounted to rotate about an axissubstantially perpendicular to the bottom wall a short distance aboveand in non-contacting relationship with the upper surface of said bottomwall, inlet means for the fiber containing air-stream to enter thedistributor, outlet means whereby fibrous material may be recycled tothe hammermill and, optionally, a plate member located above saidimpellers and extending inwardly from the side walls of the housing soas to form a partition between a lower part and an upper part of saidhousing, said distributor being positioned so that the bottom wall isco-operatively located above the upper surface of (iv) a moving,foraminous belt upon the upper surface of which the cellulosic fibersare deposited to form a layer with the aid of (v) means for applyingsuction to the other surface of said belt and (vi) means for compactingthe so-deposited cellulosic fiber layer, see U.S. Pat. No. 2,698,271.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION INCLUDING PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

When apparatus of the type described is used in the production of anair-laid cellulosic fibrous layer, there are a large number of variablesthat must be controlled in order that optimum formation of the layeroccurs.

The more obvious variables include the input rate of the cellulosicmaterial to the hammermill, the speed of rotation of the impellers andspeed of travel of the belt and the degree of compaction applied. Othervariables need to be controlled so as to optimize the method ofpreparing the air-laid cellulosic fiber layer by use of an apparatus ofthe type described above and, clearly, if a binder such as a particulateresin is to be incorporated within the layer, still further variablesneed to be controlled. For example, when preparing a substrate adaptedfor use in the production of the high pressure decorative laminates ofthe present invention, the thermosetting resin must be randomlydistributed throughout the deposited layer and there must be sufficientof the resin present to provide the desired properties to the heat andpressure consolidated laminate. In the production of the high pressuredecorative laminates of this invention, the resin content of thesubstrate lies in the range from about 20% to about 35%, by weightpreferably from about 25% to about 30%, based on the total weight of thesubstrate.

In order that the high pressure decorative laminates of the presentinvention possess satisfactory properties, it is a requirement that thedeposited layer used to form the substrate be uniform both with regardto composition and basis weight (weight per square meter).

It has been found that, for the formation of an air-laid substratehaving the desired uniformity of composition and basis weight andcomprising fibers and thermosetting resin, such as by means of anapparatus of the type described above, it is preferable to operate underconditions such that the air has a relative humidity within the range ofabout 40% to 80%, preferably about 50% to 70%.

If the air employed has a humidity level outside of the disclosed range,then deposition problems may arise in that at too high a humidityclogging of the ducting and screen may occur whilst at too low ahumidity problems may arise due to static electrical charges on thefibers.

By the method of this invention, there is provided a monostichoussubstrate comprising a thermosetting resin and cellulosic fibers whichsubstrate is uniform in composition and basis weight and is of athickness such that a single ply is employed to provide the laminatecore.

The thermosetting resin containing monostichous substrate of randomlyoriented, suybstantially non-hydrogen bonded cellulosic fibers is formedusing an apparatus of the type described above, by:

(a) feeding fibrous, cellulosic material to the air-swept hammermill anddefibrating the material therein to provide cellulosic fibers of anaverage length of about 0.5 to 2.5, preferably about 0.75 to 2.0 mm inthe presence of humidified air, the relative humidity of whichpreferably ranges from about 40% to about 80% to thereby form anair-fiber stream;

(b) incorporating into said air-fiber stream from about 20% to about35%, by weight, of a thermosetting resin, said weight being based on thetotal weight of resin and fiber, to thereby form an air-fiber-resinstream;

(c) passing said air-fiber-resin stream to a distributor;

(d) agitating said stream within the distributor by impeller means;

(e) causing said stream to pass through the perforated bottom wall ofthe distributor;

(f) depositing the fibers and resin into a moving foraminous belt toform a layer having a thickness of from about 5 mm to about 100 mm,preferably about 10 mm to 80 mm by the operation of the suction means,and

(g) pre-consolidating the deposited layer to a thickness of from about0.5 mm to about 10.0 mm, preferably about 1.0 to about 8.0 mm.

The fibrous, cellulosic material employed may comprise any material suchas chemical, semi-chemical or mechanical paper pulp, cardboard and wastepaper and the like, provided that after defibration in the hammermill itcomprises fibers of an average length of 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm. Althoughfibers produced from wood are preferred, fibers produced from straw,grass, bagasse, cotton or synthetics, may be used or in admixture. Ifthe cellulosic material feed is in bulk form, then it is preferred touse a bale-breaker or similar equipment to partially disintegrate thematerial before it is fed to the hammermill.

The air fed to the hammermill may be humidified to the above-specifiedextent either internally or externally of the substrate formingapparatus. Thus the apparatus may be sited in a room, the air in whichis humidified to the required degree and drawn through the apparatus atthe required rate. Alternatively, the air may be drawn into theapparatus and there humidified such as by steam or water spray means tothe required level. It is preferred to humidify the air internally ofthe apparatus as such allows for quicker adjustment of the humidity thanis possible with external humidification and further allows the room airto be controlled independently so as to provide more amenable workingconditions.

The said thermosetting resin may comprise any thermo-setting resin whichprovides the required properties in the substrate prepared therefrom.The resin may comprise, for example, a phenol-formaldehyde resin, amelamine-formaldehyde resin, a polyester resin or an epoxy resin andsaid resins may comprise known extenders, if desired. It is preferred toemploy a particulate, thermosetting resin and even more preferred toemploy a phenol-formaldehyde resin. Such a particulate resin may beprepared by forming a solid, thermosetting resin in bulk or lump formand then grinding or crushing to provide the desired particle size or,more preferably, it may be prepared in particulate form by knownemulsion condensation techniques. The mean particle size of thethermosetting resin should range from about 20 microns to about 200microns, preferably from about 50 to 150 microns.

The thermosetting resin may be incorporated into the air-fiber stream byany suitable means and at any suitable position. Thus the resin may beintroduced into the hammermill, into the ducting between the hammermilland the distributor, or into the distributor. Suitable introductorymeans are known and include spraying means, gate-valves, fibratory-andscrew-feeders etc. When particulate resin is used, it is preferred toemploy screw feeders which employ a positive feed principle and can becontrolled more precisely to give the feed rate of resin desired.

The air-laid layer may be pre-consolidated between platens or niprollers as may be most convenient and the pre-consolidating means may beheated or cooled, if desired. If they are heated, then thepre-consolidation must be such that whilst there may be some conversionof a minor amount of the thermosetting resin to the thermoset form, asubstantial proportion of the resin is still in the thermosetting formafter the pre-consolidation operation. The air-laid layer, beforepre-consolidation, must be of such a thickness that after heat andpressure consolidation during laminate formation the substrate or coreof said laminate will range in thickness from about 0.25 mm to about2.25 mm air-laid webs deposited on the belt, which may be constructed ofmetal or other material such as plastic, cloth etc. are deposited at thethickness specified above.

According to the instant invention, there is provided a heat andpressure consolidated, high pressure, thermoset decorative laminatecomprising, in superimposed relationship:

(I) a thermoset resin containing, monostichous substrate of air-laid,randomly oriented, substantially non-hydrogen bonded cellulosic fibershaving an average length of 0.5 to 2.5 mm, said substrate being fromabout 0.25 mm to about 2.25 mm thick and containing from about 20% toabout 35%, by weight, of resin, based on the total weight of fiber andresin in I;

(II) a thermoset resin impregnated decorative sheet and optionally,

(III) a thermoset resin impregnated alpha-cellulosic overlay sheet.

In accordance with the instant invention, the method for preparing thethermoset, high pressure, decorative laminates comprises:

(1) Forming a laminate assembly comprising, in superimposedrelationship:

(A) a monostichous, air-laid substrate of randomly oriented fibers of0.5-2.5 mm average length, containing from about 20-35%, same basis asabove, of a thermosetting resin and of sufficient thickness to provide,when consolidated, from about 0.25 mm to about 2.25 mm in thickness tothe resultant laminate,

(B) a thermosetting resin impregnated decorative sheet and, optionally,

(C) a thermosetting resin impregnated alpha-cellulose overlay sheet; and

(2) consolidating said assembly to a unitary thermoset laminatestructure by the application of heat and pressure thereto.

The thermosetting resin impregnated decor sheet employed in the presentinvention may comprise any of those decor sheets known to provide thedecorative surface on a decorative laminate and includes decorativewoven or non-woven fabrics, colored or printed paper sheets, woodveneer, cork, and the like. The resin may be of any of those known foruse in the production of thermoset laminates but it is preferred to usethose `noble` thermosetting resins known for such use and it is alsopreferred to employ a high quality printed or colored decorative papersheet impregnated with a thermosetting melamine-formaldehyde resincomposition. By `noble` thermosetting resins is meant those resins whichshow no appreciable darkening or color change on conversion from thethermosetting to the thermoset state.

When a decorative woven or non-woven fabric sheet or a printed papersheet is employed, it is preferred to use, in addition thereto, asurfacing overlay sheet known for use in the production of conventionalthermoset laminates. More especially, it is preferred to use a lightweight, high quality, unfilled alpha-cellulose paper sheet impregnatedwith the same kind of thermosetting resin composition as used toimpregnate the decorative sheet and, still more preferably, an overlaysheet impregnated with a thermosetting melamine-formaldehyde resin maybe employed.

The optional overlay sheet may comprise any of those overlay sheetsknown to provide a protective, abrasion-resistant surface to decorativelaminates. Preferably, these overlay sheets comprise a-cellulose paperwhich is impregnated with a noble thermoset resin, preferablymelamine/formaldehyde, and which become transparent upon heat andpressure consolidation of the laminate assembly.

The heat and pressure consolidation is suitably carried out using thatmachinery, equipment, press-plates, temperature, pressure and press-timeused for preparing decorative thermoset laminates from the conventionalimpregnated kraft paper core layers. Pressures ranging from about 700 toabout 1400 psi and temperatures ranging from about 120° to 150° C.

The laminate assembly is consolidated by heat and pressure so that inthe high pressure thermoset laminate the thickness of the air-laidsubstrate is reduced by a factor of about two to about ten. Moreespecially, the heat and pressure consolidation is effected so that inthe product laminate, the substrate has a thickness of from about 0.25mm to about 2.25 mm, as mentioned above.

Further, whilst it is preferred to prepare laminates comprising a singlesubstrate made in accordance with the invention, a single thermosettingresin impregnated decor sheet and, optionally, a thermosetting resinimpregnated alpha-cellulose overlay sheet, the invention is not solimited and also encompasses laminates comprising a substrate producedfrom more than one monostichous, non-hydrogen bonded, air-laid web, thenoble thermosetting resin impregnated decor sheet and, optionally, thenoble thermosetting resin impregnated overlay sheet.

The following Examples are set forth for purposes of illustration onlyand are not to be construed as limitations on the present inventionexcept as set forth in the appended claims. All parts and percentagesare by weight unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLE 1

Defibrated kraft linerboard fibers are mixed with powderedphenol/formaldehyde resin and formed onto a stationary screen with theaid of suction applied to the underside of a screen. The resultant fiberresin layer has a thickness of 46 mm, a density of 0.035 g/c.c., a basisweight of 1600 gsm and a fiber to resin weight ratio of 3:1. Thedeposited fiber-resin layer is preconsolidated, at a pressure of 2300psi, to a thickness of 2.25 mm.

After conditioning the compacted monostichous, fiber-resin core layer at60% relative humidity for 24 hours, a decorative thermoset resinouslaminate assembly is formed comprising:

(a) The above monostichous core layer,

(b) A printed decor paper impregnated with a thermosettingmelamine/formaldehyde resin to a resin content of about 40% and,

(c) An alpha-cellulose overlay sheet impregnated with a thermosettingmelamine/formaldehyde resin to a resin content of about 60%.

After positioning between separating sheets, the assembly is heat andpressure consolidated at 1400 psi and 145° C. to a unitary thermosetdecorative laminate with a thickness of 1.12 mm. The laminate isdesignated laminate A.

A conventional decorative laminate of the same thickness and producedfrom the same overlay and decor sheets but with the core provided by therequisite number of liquid phenol/formaldehyde resin impregnated kraftpaper sheets is also assembled, conditioned and consolidated to aunitary thermoset decorative laminate in the same press with Laminate A.The conventional laminate is designated Laminate 1.

STRESS CRACK TEST

Both of Laminates A and 1 are then cut into 12"×12" samples. Each sampleis routed in such a manner as to provide a slot 1/8" wide, and 2" deepinto the center of each of two parallel sides in the machine direction.The samples are then conditioned at an elevated relative humidity for aspecified length of time. The samples are then immediately placed underrestraint in a fixture by clamping across the unslotted edges andproloaded to a fixed tensile stress. The entire assembly is then placedin a low relative humidity environment and the time required for theshrinkage of the sample to cause a crack between the slots is recordedin hours.

The time required for Laminate 1 to crack is 21 hours while Laminate Ahad not cracked after 48 hours. A second sample of Laminate 1 cracked in38.4 hours while seven (7) additional samples of Laminate A showed nocracks again after 48 hours.

EXAMPLE 2

The procedure of Example 1 is again followed except that a conventionalpost-forming laminate is prepared at 128° C. and 1400 psi wherein thecore is produced from two Kraft sheets and 2 sheets of X-crepe paper,both impregnated with the phenol-formaldehyde resin, all else remainingequal.

The post-forming laminate is designated as Laminate 2. When subjected tothe test outlined above, six (6) samples of Laminate 2 crack after 28.1;27.8; 33.6; 16.8; 26.9 and 35.7 hours, respectively, while six (6)different samples of Laminate A show no cracks after 49.6 hours each.

EXAMPLE 3-7C

The procedure of Example 1 is again followed except that the amount ofresin incorporated into the monostichous core layer is varied inaddition to the specific resin employed. The resultant laminates arethen subjected to the following test.

CRACK PROPAGATION TEST

Two sections of each laminate are bonded back-to-back with acommercially available adhesive. Samples about 1"×6" are cut from eachcomposite and each sample is routed through 1 thickness of laminatealong the middle of the 6" length. One end of the routed trough is cutwith a sharp blade about 1/4" deep to induce a natural crack. A force isapplied to the sample at one side of the cut to propagate the crack andthe work required to sustain the propagation of the crack over aspecified length is recorded as the average toughness, in. lb./in².

The results are set forth in Table I, below.

                  TABLE I                                                         ______________________________________                                                       Average Toughness                                              Example   Core       Dry.sup.1                                                                              Ambient.sup.2                                                                        Wet.sup.3                                ______________________________________                                        3         28% Resin* 11.7     20.5   41.8                                     4         20% Resin**                                                                              14.1     23.2   --                                       5         28% Resin**                                                                              11.4     21.9   81.8                                     6         35% Resin**                                                                              11.7     17.6   66.5                                     7C        Laminate 1 5.8      8.2    16.8                                     ______________________________________                                         *a 50/50 mixture of a novalac phenolic resin containing                       hexamethylenediamine and a resole phenolic resin                              **a novalac phenolic resin                                                    C = comparative                                                               .sup.1 less than 1% moisture                                                  .sup.2 about 4% moisture                                                      .sup.3 about 8% moisture                                                 

As can be readily appreciated, the above examples show that theresistance to stress cracking as evidenced by the above Stress CrackTest is considerably higher for the laminates of the present inventionthan for laminates manufactured in the conventional manner with phenolicresin impregnated Kraft paper cores. This higher degree of toughness isfurther substantiated by the increased work required to propogate cracksin the present laminates as shown by the above Crack Propagation Test.

Wet-Laid papers exhibit a variation in at least some of their physicalproperties, depending upon whether the properties are measured in thedirection of travel of the machine upon which the paper was formed, or,transversely of it. This variation in properties is due to thenon-random orientation of the fibers of the paper due to the alignmentof the fibers caused by the flow of the liquid phase onto and throughthe wire and by surface tension effects. This difference in propertieswhen measured at mutually perpendicular directions in the plane of thepaper is commonly referred to as lack of "squareness" in the paper andone paper is referred to as being more "square" than another if theratio of its physical properties in the two directions is closer tounity.

The direction of travel of a substrate during its formation whether thesubstrate be prepared on a conventional paper-making machine, or on anapparatus of the type described hereinabove is commonly referred to asthe "machine" or `X` direction, whereas a direction at right anglesthereto across the substrate is commonly referred to as the"cross-machine" or `Y` direction.

Laminates are conventionally produced from resin-impregnated wet-laidpaper sheets by superimposing the sheets with their `X` and `Y`directions respectively in parallel and, consequently, they also exhibitthis direction dependent variation (lack of squareness) in some at leastof their physical properties and although this is not excessivelydisadvantageous, there are some applications where laminates exhibitingless variation in physical properties according to the direction ofmeasurement (greater squareness) are preferred.

As related above, thermoset resin laminates prepared from wet-laid papersheet cores possess some physical properties which differ considerablydepending upon whether they are measured in the `X` or `Y` direction.For example, decorative thermoset laminates when prepared conventionallywith cores comprising wet-laid paper sheets commonly exhibit at leasttwice as great a dimensional movement in the `Y` direction as in the `X`direction when subjected to a standard test for determining dimensionalstability (N.E.M.A. Test method LD3-304 1975).

It has been found that a decorative laminate comprising a thermosettingresin containing fibrous cellulosic substrate and having a greaterdegree of squareness than a laminate made by conventional processes maybe produced by using, as the substrate, an air-laid web comprising bothcellulosic fibers and a thermosetting resin.

More especially, it has been found that a decorative thermoset plasticslaminate which comprises a substrate or core prepared from an air-laidweb in accordance with the present invention is such that it has agreater degree of squareness than a conventional laminate ofsubstantially the same thickness and comprising an identical decorativesheet (and, optionally, an overlay sheet) and a sufficient plurality ofkraft paper core sheets, impregnated with a similar resin tosubstantially the same content.

EXAMPLE A

This Example relates the production of a monostichous substrateutilizing apparatus and conditions similar to those disclosed above.

The apparatus employed essentially comprises: an electrically driven,air-swept hammermill connected by suitable ducting to a distributor;screw-feed means arranged to feed particulate thermosetting resin intothe ducting between the hammermill and the distributor; a distributorcomprising a housing having side-walls and end-walls and a perforatedplanar bottom-wall and side walls, impeller means mounted to rotateabout an axis substantially perpendicular to the bottom-wall a shortdistance above and in non-contacting relationship with the upper surfaceof said bottom-wall, inlet means for the fiber-containing stream, outletmeans whereby fibrous materials are recycled to the hammermill, a platemember located above said impellers and extending inwardly from theside-walls so as to form a partition between the lower part and an upperpart of the housing, said distributor being positioned so that thebottom-wall is located above and co-operates with a moving foraminousbelt and said side-walls and end-walls being provided with means torestrict passage of air between their lower extremeties and said belt; amoving, foraminous, metal mesh belt positioned above and co-operatingwith suction means positioned therebelow and a pair of metal compactionrollers mounted so as to act in nip relationship on said belt and adeposited layer thereon.

Soft wood sulphate kraft having a kappa number of 32 is fed to theair-swept hammermill where it is defibrated to provide cellulosic fibershaving an average fiber length of about 1 mm. Air, humidified to 70%relative humidity by steam injection means, is fed to the hammermill ata rate of 38.6 cubic meters per kilogram of fibers to produce anair-fiber stream. Solid particulate thermosetting phenolic resin havinga mean particle size of about 25 microns is incorporated by thescrew-feeder means into the air-fiber stream to provide anair-fiber-resin stream wherein the ratio of resin to fiber was about 1part to 3 parts, by weight. The air-fiber-resin stream is then passed tothe distributor, whence by action of the suction means and the impellermeans, the stream is caused to pass through the perforated bottom-wallthereof and to deposit as a fiber-resin layer having a basis weight of1560 gsm a density of 0.029 g/cc and a thickness of 54 mm upon theforaminous belt which is moving at a speed of 0.8 meters/minute.

The belt and the deposited fiber-resin layer are then passed through thenip of the compaction rollers which exert thereon a line pressure ofabout 45 Kg/cm and pre-consolidation thereof. The material emergent fromthe nip is separated from the belt as a thermo-setting phenolic resincontaining monostichous substrate of randomly oriented substantiallynon-hydrogen bonded cellulosic fibers of about 3.6 mm in thicknesscontaining 33%, by weight, of the resin.

EXAMPLE 8

The substrate formed in Example A is used to prepare a high pressurethermoset decorative laminate assembly by arranging in superimposedrelationship:

(a) the monostichous substrate;

(b) a printed, paper decor sheet impregnated with a thermosettingmelamine-formaldehyde resin to a resin content of about 40%; and

(c) an alpha cellulose overlay sheet impregnated with a thermosettingmelamine-formaldehyde resin to a resin content of about 50%.

The assembly thus formed is positioned between separating sheets andthen consolidated to a unitary thermoset decorative laminate 1.2 mmthick (designated Laminate B) by heating at 145° C. under a pressure of1400 psi in an hydraulic press. After cooling and removing the laminatefrom the press, the thermoset decorative laminate, so obtained isidentical in appearance to a conventional high pressure thermosetdecorative phenolic laminate (designated Laminate 2) of the samethickness and prepared by consolidating to a unitary structure anassembly comprising:

(a) 5 kraft paper core sheets impregnated with a similar liquidthermosetting phenolic resin composition to a resin content of about33%, by weight,

(b) a sheet of the same resin impregnated decor paper as used to prepareLaminate 1, above, and

(c) a sheet of the same resin impregnated overlay paper as used toprepare Laminate 1, above.

Whilst Laminate B and Laminate 2 appear identical, certain of theirphysical properties are markedly different. More especially, whensubjected to dimensional stability measurements in accordance withN.E.M.A. Test LD3-304 1975, the ratio of the dimensional movement ofLaminate 1 in the `Y` direction to its movement in the `X` direction is1.6:1, whereas the ratio of the dimensional movement of Laminate 2 inthe `Y` direction to that in the `X` direction is 3.2:1.

When subjected to the above STRESS CRACK TEST and CRACK PROPAGATIONTEST, Laminate B exhibits a toughness superior to that of Laminate 2.

EXAMPLE B

Using the apparatus of the type described in Example A,semi-thermochemical softwood pulp is fed to the air-swept hammermill andthere defibrated to an average fiber length of about 1.5 mm in thepresence of a stream of humidified air at a relative humidity of about70% flowing at a rate of 40.9 cubic meters of air per kilogram of fiber.

The resultant air-fiber stream leaving the mill is passed via suitableducting to the distributor and a particulate thermosetting resin of meanparticle size of about 20 microns is incorporated into the air-fiberstream at a weight ratio of fiber to resin of 2.5 to 1 by means of ascrew feeder adapted to feed material into the ducting. Theair-fiber-resin is agitated in the distributor by the impeller means andcaused by the suction means to pass through the perforated bottom-walland deposit, upon the foraminous belt moving at 0.8 m/minute, afiber-resin layer having a basis weight of 1260 gsm, a thickness ofabout 30 mm and a density of 0.042 g/cc. The deposited layer and themoving belt are then passed through the nip of the compaction rollersoperating at a line loading of 45 Kg/cm and the deposited layer emergingfrom the nip is separated from the wire to provide a thermosetting resincontaining monostichous substrate of randomly oriented, substantiallynon-hydrogen bonded, cellulosic fibers having a thickness of 6 mm.

EXAMPLE 9

A decorative thermosetting plastics laminate assembly is formedcomprising, in superimposed relationship:

(a) the monostichous substrate formed in Example B,

(b) a printed decor paper impregnated with a thermosettingmelamine-formaldehyde resin to a resin content of about 40%; and

(d) an alpha-cellulose overlay sheet impregnated with a thermosettingmelamine-formaldehyde resin to a resin content of about 60%;

and after positioning between separating sheets the assembly isconsolidated to a unitary thermoset decorative laminate (designatedLaminate C) comprising:

(a) a monostichous core layer, about 0.9 mm thick of randomly oriented,substantially non-hydrogen bonded cellulosic fibers, containing about28% of thermoset phenolic resin;

(b) a decorative layer comprising the thermoset melamine-formaldehyderesin impregnated printed decor paper sheet; and

(c) a wear surface layer comprising the thermoset melamine-formaldehyderesin impregnated alpha cellulose overlay sheet.

Laminate C has a ratio of mechanical strength properties in the `X` to`Y` directions of 1.26:1 and a ratio of dimensional movement `Y`: `X` of1.55:1.

A conventional high pressure decorative thermoset plastics laminate ofthe same thickness and produced from the same overlay and decor sheetsbut with the core provided by the requisite number of phenolic resinimpregnated kraft paper sheets has a ratio of mechanical strengthproperties in the `X` to `Y` direction of 1.6:1 and a ratio ofdimensional movement in the `Y` to `X` direction of 2.2:1.

EXAMPLE C

Kraft softwood pulp having a kappa number of 86 is fed to an air-swepthammermill and defibrated, in a humidified air-stream at a relativehumidity of 80% at a flow-rate of 61 cubic meters of air per kilogram offiber, to give cellulosic fibers having an average length of 2.3 mm.

A particulate, thermosetting phenolic resin having a mean particle sizeof 30 microns is incorporated by screw feeder means into the air-fiberstream in the ducting leading from the mill to the distributor toprovide a fiber to resin ratio in the resulting air-fiber-resin streamof 2.9:1. The air-fiber-resin stream is agitated in the distributor anddrawn through the bottom-wall, by suction applied to the bottom surfaceof a foraminous belt moving at a rate of 0.8 m/min, so as to deposit alayer of 1500 gsm basis weight, comprising the fibers and the resin 75mm thick, having a density of 0.02 g/cc, on the belt and containing32.5% resin. The wire and deposited layer are passed through the nip ofthe pair of compaction rollers set to apply a line loading of 45 Kg/cmand the emergent layer is stripped from the wire to provide athermosetting phenolic resin containing monostichous substrate ofrandomly oriented substantially, non-hydrogen bonded cellulosic fibershaving a thickness of 6 mm.

EXAMPLE 10

A decorative thermosetting plastics laminate assembly is formed andconsolidated to a unitary decorative product laminate has a ratio ofmechanical strength properties in the `X` direction to those in the `Y`direction of 1.23:1 and a ratio of dimensional movement in the `Y`direction to the `X` direction of 1.38:1.

A conventional high pressure decorative thermoset plastics laminate ofthe same thickness and produced from the same overlay and decor sheetsbut with the core provided by the requisite number of phenolic resinimpregnated kraft paper sheets had a ratio of mechanical strengthproperties in `X` to `Y` direction of 1.65:1 and a ratio of dimensionalmovement in the `Y` direction to that in the `X` direction of 2.4:1.

EXAMPLE 11

The procedure of Example 9 is again followed except that the overlay oneach laminate is omitted. Again, the high pressure decorative laminateproduced from the monostichous substrate of Example B is superior inmechanical strength and dimensional movement properties to theconventional laminate.

EXAMPLE 12

Laminates A and 1 described in Example 1, above, are tested to determinetheir ratio of mechanical strength and dimensional movement properties.Laminate A has a ratio of mechanical strength properties in the `X` to`Y` direction of 1.1:1 and Laminate 1 has a ratio of said properties of1.5:1.

The ratio of dimensional movement in the `Y` to `X` direction ofLaminate A is 1.1:1 and of Laminate 1 is 3.8:1.

It is readily apparent from the above Examples that the high pressurelaminates of the instant invention exhibit a significantly greaterdegree of squareness than conventional laminates produced from phenolicresin impregnated Kraft paper fibers.

EXAMPLE 13

The procedure of Example 8 is again followed except that the air-laidweb of Example A contains 24.9% of a 50/50 mixture of a first Novalacphenolic resin containing hexamethylenetetramine and a second resolephenolic resin and the fibers are linerboard fibers. The finished highpressure decorative laminate has the following properties:

    ______________________________________                                        Basic Weight, sanded, gsm                                                                              1653                                                 Density, gm/cc           1.46                                                 Water absorption, %      6.69                                                 Thickness swell; %       7.40                                                 Dimensional change, %    1.107                                                Tensile Strength,                                                             pascals, × 10.sup.7                                                                              8.67                                                 Modulus, pascals, × 10.sup.9                                                                     4.78                                                 Stress Crack, hrs. (See                                                       above test)              92+                                                  ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 14

The procedure of Example 13 is again followed except that theair-deposited fibers are composed of 95% linerboard and 5% fiberboardmechanical pulp. The properties of the resultant high pressuredecorative laminate are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        Basis Weight, sanded, gsm                                                                              1751                                                 Density, gm/cc           1.47                                                 Water absorption, %      6.30                                                 Thickness swell, %       5.96                                                 Dimensional change, %    1.058                                                Tensile Strength, pascals,                                                    × 10.sup.7         8.71                                                 Modulus, pascals, × 10.sup.9                                                                     4.70                                                 Stress Crack, hrs. (See                                                       above Test)              92+                                                  ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 15

The procedure of Example 14 is followed except that the fibers areair-laid from a blend of 90% linerboard fibers and 10% fiberboardmechanical pulp fibers. The properties of the resultant high pressuredecorative laminate are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        Basis weight, sanded, gsm                                                                              1736                                                 Density, gm/cc           1.45                                                 Water absorption, %      6.57                                                 Thickness swell, %       6.67                                                 Dimensional change, %    1.035                                                Tensile Strength, pascals,                                                    10.sup.7                 8.91                                                 Modulus, pascals, × 10.sup.9                                                                     4.97                                                 Stress Crack, hrs. (See                                                       above Test)              92+                                                  ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 16

The procedure of Example 13 is again followed except that the dry-laidweb is deposited from a fiber mixture containing 90% linerboard fibersand 10% of white pine sawdust which passed through a 20 mesh sieve. Theproperties of the resultant high pressure decorative laminate are asfollows:

    ______________________________________                                        Basis weight, sanded, gsm                                                                              1749                                                 Density, gm/cc           1.45                                                 Water absorption, %      6.60                                                 Thickness swell, %       7.54                                                 Dimensional change, %    1.153                                                Tensile strength, pascals,                                                    × 10.sup.7         7.94                                                 Modulus, pascals, × 10.sup.9                                                                     4.45                                                 Stress Crack, hrs. (See                                                       above Test)              92+                                                  ______________________________________                                    

Examples 13-16 show that the high pressure decorative laminates of thepresent invention possess properties other than stress crack which aresubstantially equivalent to the properties of a correspondingconventional laminate produced from phenolic resin impregnated Kraftpaper fiber.

EXAMPLE 17

When the procedure of Example A is again followed, except that thefibers are first sprayed with the phenolic resin and dried beforedepositing them on the foraminous belt, and the resultant monostichoussubstrate is employed in the manufacture of a laminate as in Example 8,substantially equivalent results are achieved.

We claim:
 1. A heat and pressure consolidated high pressure decorativelaminate comprising, in superimposed relationship,(a) a monostichouslayer of randomly oriented, substantially non-hydrogen bonded, air-laidcellulosic fibers from about 0.5 to 2.5 mm in average length, said layerbeing from about 0.25 mm to 2.25 mm thick, of uniform composition andbasis weight and containing from about 20 to 35%, by weight, based onthe total weight of fiber and resin in (a), of a thermoset resin and (b)a thermoset resin impregnated, decorative sheet.
 2. A laminate inaccordance with claim 1 in which said fibers are cellulosic kraftfibers.
 3. A laminate in accordance with claim 1 wherein the thermosetresin in (a) is a phenolic resin.
 4. A laminate in accordance with claim1 wherein the thermoset resin in (a) is a phenolic resin and thethermoset resin in (b) is a melamine/formaldehyde resin.
 5. A laminatein accordance with claim 1 containing, positioned atop said (b), (c) athermoset resin impregnated a-cellulose, transparent overlay sheet.
 6. Alaminate in accordance with claim 5 wherein the thermoset resin in (a)is a phenolic resin and the thermoset resin in (b) is amelamine/formaldehyde resin.
 7. A laminate in accordance with claim 5wherein the thermoset resin in (c) is a melamine/formaldehyde resin.